Frequently Asked Questions

Related Products: All Safewaze SRLs/SRL-Ps, FS8800SP-D, FS8800SP-L

Related Standards: ANSI A92.22-2021, EM 385-1-1

The use of a Safewaze Self-Retracting Lifeline (SRLs/SRL-Ps) for fall protection on a Mobile Elevated Work Platform (MEWPs) is permissible provided the user follows the Safewaze product manual and the following guidelines provided:

1. Use of an SRL/SRL-P will not ensure the user is properly restrained while the MEWP is in motion and could result in the user being ejected from the platform. The user should be secured to the engineered anchor point designed into the MEWP at all times. Additionally, the user should utilize a non-energy absorbing restraint lanyard/device which is connected to the side positioning D-rings of a full body harness when the platform is in motion. Connecting to the sternal, front, or dorsal D-rings will not provide adequate protection in a restraint application. SRLs can be adequately used for fall protection when the platform is stationary.

2. If there is an opportunity for the line constituent to encounter a sharp edge while conducting MEWP activities, a Class-2 leading edge SRL must be used.

3. A Class-1, Class-A, or Class-B SRL may be used only when there are no sharp edges and a leading edge is unnecessary, and as long as the aerial work platform has a guardrail system with a latching gate around its perimeter. This is not required if the anchorage position for the SRL is overhead.

4. It is mandatory that the energy absorbing portion of the SRL/SRL-P is mounted to the dorsal D-ring of the user’s harness. If an internal braking SRL is without an external energy absorber and is anchored at, or below, the dorsal D-ring’s height, the SRL may not function as intended. The line constituent could encounter the MEWP’s guard railing and create friction at that contact point, which may not allow the SRL to properly engage and arrest the fall. However, internal braking SRL models that do not incorporate an external energy absorber can be used if a separate, in-line energy absorber is installed between the end of the lifeline and the dorsal D-ring of the harness. By its attachment to the worker’s back, the added energy absorbing device allows proper deceleration as it isolates the friction on the lifeline. This protocol is highly recommended to reduce the risk of damaging the lifeline should a fall occur over the guardrail.

5. Safewaze offers two part numbers for this application:

a. FS8800SP-D — 18” Energy Absorber: Snap Hook, D-ring

b. FS8800SP-L — 20” Energy Absorber: Soft Loop, Snap Hook

6. When calculating fall clearance, efforts must be made to ensure there is a clear fall path available and enough free fall distance to engage the energy absorbing function of an SRL, or external energy absorber. When adding an additional energy absorber, greater fall clearance is required and must be taken into consideration.

7. The SRL’s lifeline extension speed must reach approximately 4.5 feet per second before the brake/absorber will engage and stop a fall. If a user fails to reach this speed, such as in a fall down a sloped surface, the SRL will not engage.

8. Employee training should be conducted to help ensure a safe working environment

9. When operating under the guidelines pursuant to EM 385-1-1, Safewaze SRLs are not allowed for use with Boom Supported Platforms/Boom Lifts.

10. Safewaze SRLs are suitable for use with Self-Propelled Elevating Work Platforms/Scissor Lifts. The Scissor Lifts must be equipped with anchorages that meet the ANSI Z359 Fall Protection Code in order for the SRLs to be utilized. This is also pursuant to requirements as specified in EM 385-1-1.

If you have any additional questions regarding the information in this Technical Bulletin, please contact our Technical Support Specialist at (704) 262-7893.

Additionally, refer to the Safewaze manual provided with your product for additional information.

Related Products: 021-4082 5K Swivel D-Ring Anchor

Related Standards: ANSI Z359.18 Type A, OSHA 1926.502 and 1910.66

In order to allow for user customization, the 021-4082 5K Swivel D-Ring Anchor assembly does not include a fastener. The user can choose to install a wedge or screw bolt with the anchor. The 021-4073 concrete wedge bolt and the 021-4053 concrete screw bolt are the recommended Safewaze products to use with the anchor. Safewaze equipment is designed for, and tested with, associated Safewaze components or systems. However, Hilti’s HSL4-B is a permitted bolt substitution. The use of competitor fasteners is permissible provided the user follows the Safewaze product manual, the chosen alternative fastener manual, and the following guidelines provided:

1. The alternative bolt has a diameter between 1/2’’ and 5/8’’.

2. The alternative bolt has an embedment depth of 41/2’’.

3. The alternative bolt is intended for concrete installation.

4. A Competent Person has determined the alternative fastener is capable of supporting intended loads on the anchor assembly.

Please contact our Technical Support Specialist at (704) 262-7893 for any additional questions regarding the information in this Technical Bulletin.

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Yes, the wear sleeve should extend beyond the edge to protect the anchor strap. Incorrect installation can allow the webbing to come into direct contact with rough edges of the cured concrete. When the strap is used incorrectly, the webbing is much more prone to damage and degradation. Therefore, straps that do not have the wear sleeve protruding beyond the edge of the pour should be removed. 

Yes. There is nothing to prohibit usage in instances where multiple wraps of the cable choker would need to be made around a structure prior to pass-through of the O-rings and attachment. There are varying sizes of structures in the field that may require more than one wrap of the cable and the FS830 series cable chokers are designed to allow for such attachment.

Yes. The SW900 is suitable for use with a horizontal lifeline as long as the lifeline runs perpendicular to the parapet wall on which the SW900 is installed.  Under no circumstance can a horizontal lifeline be used with a SW900 in a configuration where the lifeline runs parallel with the parapet wall.

Yes. Safewaze cross arm straps may be used as the anchorage connector component of a compatible HLL system. Suitability must be determined on-site by a competent person. Any length of cross arm strap may be used with an HLL provided the competent person assesses the complete system and determines the strap length will not result in a free fall which exceeds the limits permitted by the system. 

Yes. The FS876 Removable Concrete Hole Anchor is suitable for use in this application when the structure to which it is attached meets all applicable criteria for anchorage connection per OSHA regulations. The FS876 is suitable for use with horizontal lifelines designed to support two users.

Safewaze offers a Vertical/Stationary Beam Anchor: 019-4009. Proper installation method as well as HLL attachment, capacities and more, can be found in the anchor’s individual instruction manual.

Yes. Use of a temporary fixed beam anchor as an intermediate attachment point for inverted SafeLink installation is an acceptable installation method. 

Yes. The FS-EX311 can be used with any Safewaze roofing kit. However, the user must be aware that the structure to which the FS-EX311 is being attached must meet all pertinent OSHA, ANSI and local regulations and standards pertaining to anchorage strength.  

OSHA 1926.500 and 1910.66 states, “Anchorages used for attachment of a personal fall arrest system (PFAS) shall be independent of any anchorage being used to support or suspend platforms and must support at least 5000 lbs. (4kN) per user attached; or be designed, installed and used as part of a complete PFAS which maintains a safety factor of at least two and is supervised by a qualified person.”

Yes. Both sizes of Safewaze FS-EX400 series ratchet anchor straps are suitable for use on finished concrete.

OSHA allows workers to tie off directly to a non-moving crane or below the hook attachment in construction applications. OSHA states that a personal fall arrest system is permitted to be anchored to the crane’s hook when the following requirement is met: a qualified person has determined that the setup and rated capacity of the crane including the hook, load line and rigging meets or exceeds the requirements outlined in 1926.1423(d)(15) as stated below: 

(15) Anchorages used for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment shall be independent of any anchorage being used to support or suspend platforms and capable of supporting at least 5000 pounds (22.2 kN) per employee attached; or shall be designed, installed and used as follows:
(i) as part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at least two
(ii) under the supervision of a qualified person

OSHA does not define how many workers can be tied off to the approved hook at one time. Most assume that it is only one and many companies limit the maximum number of workers to two. The safety professional in charge must use his or her professional judgment to determine what is safest for that particular application. 

For general industry, OSHA can allow direct attachment to a crane only if you are following OSHA’s hierarchy of controls. This means that the crane attachment point, crane controls and administrative controls must be engineered or validated by a qualified person. Contact your local OSHA office for proper clarifications. 

For fall protection coverage in linear work areas, a qualified engineer can add an enclosed track anchorage system along crane bridges. In this situation, the administrative controls require the crane to be locked out and tagged out before using its structure as a fall arrest anchorage point. 

A tie-back lanyard is an energy absorbing lanyard that can wrap around a suitable anchorage structure and then attach (or tie-back) to itself. Equipped with specialized snap hooks, tie-back lanyards are extremely versatile and eliminate the need for a separate anchorage connector. OSHA states that “unless a snap hook is a locking type specifically designed for the purpose of tying back into a lanyard, it shall not be engaged directly to webbing, rope or wire rope.” 

In the event of a fall, the process of “tying back” a lanyard into itself could expose the snap hook gate to forces that exceed the design specifications and those outlined by ANSI 359.1. In standard, non-tie-back hooks designed for use with fall protection devices, the gate is the weakest portion of the hook. When forces act upon the front or side of a snap hook gate, the hook can break or deform. This issue has created the necessity for a hook specifically designed not to fail under those circumstances. 

Under no circumstances should a user ever tie a lanyard back into itself unless that lanyard is specifically designed for that purpose.

A Y lanyard is an energy absorbing lanyard that consists of two separate energy absorbers and end point connectors with only one harness connecting element, which is typically a hook or a web loop. Y lanyards are sometimes called a 100% tie-off, double-leg or twin leg lanyard. 

From a functional standpoint, Y lanyards work in the same way as a single-leg lanyard. In the event of a fall, they decelerate the user and absorb the energy generated by the fall. The incorporation of the second leg is designed to offer the user a way to work along distances where multiple anchor points are available and the distance exceeds the length of a single lanyard leg. In these cases, where the user must remain tied off 100% of the time, the user can attach to an anchor point with the first leg. This allows the user to traverse the distance allowed by the first lanyard, attach the second lanyard to the next suitable anchor point, detach the first lanyard and then proceed. 

Multiple scenarios exist where Y lanyards can be used dependent upon the nature of the user’s movement within the workspace.  

A positioning lanyard is one component of a positioning device system. A positioning device system is used for fall restraint rather than fall arrest and consists of three parts: a belt or body harness, a lanyard and an anchor point. The positioning lanyard is the device which connects the harness to an anchor point and permits falls of 2 ft. or less. All positioning equipment must meet OSHA and ANSI standards. 

An energy absorbing lanyard is used with a personal fall arrest system, which is different than a positioning device system. A fall arrest system’s goal is to lessen any forces on a worker’s body during a fall. ANSI standards allow for various ways of accomplishing this, such as the tearing of materials or breaking of stitches. These lanyards can be worn by the user or be part of a horizontal or vertical lifeline subsystem. 

If potential for a fall exists, an energy absorbing lanyard is preferred over a positioning lanyard. Also note that if a worker is using a positioning device with a personal fall arrest system, they should utilize a harness that is designed to have attachment points for BOTH systems. 

Yes. The FS33310 positioning lanyard is typically used in positioning applications, it is also suitable for use in fall restraint applications. The user must always account for the fully deployed length of the lanyard and the structure to which the lanyard is attached must withstand loads of at least 1000 lbs. applied in the directions permitted by the system.   

If used in a fall restraint application, this lanyard may only be used on surfaces where the slope does not exceed 4 in 12 (vertical to horizontal).

In a personal fall arrest system (PFAS), a lanyard connects your harness to an anchor point or to a horizontal or vertical lifeline, which acts as an intermediate connection to the anchor.

While lanyards are typically 6' in length, shorter and longer options are available. Always select the shortest possible lanyard. Lanyards should be long enough to allow adequate job site work without creating undue free fall distance.

Even a minimal fall can create tremendous force. For example, a 200 lb. worker falling 10 feet is subject to 8,000 lbs. of force in an abrupt dynamic drop. A properly selected and installed PFAS lanyard can drastically reduce the force to below 1,800 lbs., preventing serious injury.

When selecting the best lanyard for the job, ask:

• What is the fall clearance to the next level?
• Where is the anchor point located, above or below the harness D-ring?
• Will you plan for fall arrest or eliminate the hazard by using a positioning lanyard?
• Will you be working near or over what ANSI defines as a leading edge?
• What is the right material for your lanyard based on the environment?
• What lanyard connectors do I need to properly tie off?

LANYARD MATERIALS

• Webbing – The flexible and dependable choice for most applications.
• Rope – For increased abrasion resistance and strength.
• Cable – Ideal for high heat or leading edge environments.
• Specialty – Coated webbing for protection against grease, oil, or other contaminants.
• Aramid – Webbing for fire, welding, or arc flash conditions. 

CONNECTOR

• Soft Loop – Chokes the lanyard harness attachment point.
• Snap Hook – The most common option for small anchor points.
• Carabiner – A twist lock gate alternative to hooks.
• Scaffolding/Rebar Hook – Offers a larger gate opening for a variety of structural connections.
• Tie-Back Hook – Specially built for applications where a standard anchor or connection is unavailable.

These two terms are interchangeable and both are acceptable. Self-retracting lanyard is the common term based on the types and classes of self-retracting devices that were further defined in the ANSI/ASSE Z359.14 standard in 2014.

This depends on the application. While it is rare to see personal SRLs mounted to any overhead anchorages of a larger traditional unit, a common exception is when these devices are mounted to order-picking lift trucks. Since the walking-working surface is so small and there is an integrated anchorage overhead, this is a practical solution in that situation. 

Either way, always be sure to mount and/or wear these devices in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The manufacturer and any qualified persons at the worksite will always be the best resource for guidance on what is appropriate for your equipment.

The most noticeable difference is size or the working length. Most personal SRLs are offered in lengths of 6-12 feet. Anything longer can become difficult to manage. Since these devices are generally used interchangeably with energy absorbing lanyards, there is an expectation that they be small and reasonably lightweight. 

Another difference is material. The constituent line in a personal SRL is typically webbing to lower the size and weight. Larger, full-size SRLs more frequently use wire rope. Wire rope is heavier and requires a wider drum diameter to be effectively wound. 

Finally, most full size SRLs utilize an internal rotary brake to manage energy absorption. With size and weight constraints for personal devices, this is considered impractical. External tear-tape energy absorbers are generally used on smaller devices.

Personal SRL devices most often incorporate a separate or external tear-tape energy absorber instead of an internal rotary brake because they are smaller and have restrictions on size and weight. Internal rotary brakes are heavy and complicate the use of personal SRL devices, especially when considering the need for a reserve line. 

Safewaze external energy absorbers allow for easy use of personal SRL devices while maintaining high-capacity energy absorption.

Since 2012, it has been a requirement of the ANSI/ASSE Z359.14 standard that all self-retracting devices must include a visual indicator that the device has been subjected to a fall. In many cases, this is a simple roll-pin or shear-pin that is part of the snap hook assembly. In the event of a fall, the pin shears off, revealing an identifying collar or mark. 

For devices featuring a webbing constituent line, the visual indicator may be a simple warning label or flag. It is stitched to the webbing near the nozzle hook at the bottom of the housing and concealed in a section that has been folded and stitched down. The force of the arrest breaks the stitch and reveals the concealed warning label. 

Check manufacturer instructions for your preferred device for details on the visual indicator and how to determine the go/no-go criteria for your device. Any device that has been involved in a fall cannot be reused. 

Recertification is dependent upon the manufacturer. Some manufacturers do not require recertification or periodic factory authorized service. Other manufacturers typically suggest a recertification every 1-2 years. The ANSI/ASSE Z359.14 standard published in 2012 includes a specific schedule as a normative part of the standard. In 2014, the schedule was revised to be optional due to complaints registered by a small number of manufacturers and end-users.

When work requires the use of an aerial or elevated work platform (such as a scissor lift or boom lift), the preferred connection method is with an adjustable, non-energy absorbing lanyard designed to prevent the user from going over a rail. 

Safewaze SRL-P devices are authorized for personal use in scissor and boom lifts in accordance with all manufacturer instructions under OSHA regulation. The user must continually work from the main platform of the lift; climbing onto the safety rails or side of the work platform is prohibited.

Note that if the worksite is operating under EM 385-1-1 guidelines, SRL devices are authorized for use in scissor lifts as long as the manufacturer specifies that they are suitable for such use. On such sites, SRL devices are not authorized for use with a boom lift.

What is the Z359.14 standard?  This standard defines guidelines for the design, testing, labelling, inspection and performance of self-retracting devices (SRDs) in fall protection.

Why did it change?  ANSI requires each standard to be updated every five years. Due to the growing popularity of SRDs, the update is designed to increase safety with more demanding requirements and clearer product use instructions.

When does it take effect?  The ANSI committee released the approved standard in July 2021 with an effective date of August 1, 2023.</p.

Who does it affect?  This change directly affects anyone producing SRDs after August 1, 2023. We recommend those selling, purchasing and using SRDs remain up to date on ANSI standards.

What about my current units? Units marked to the previous Z359.14-2014 standard – and with a manufacturing date prior to August 2023 – will not need to be discarded. These units remain safe to use in accordance with manufacturer specifications and industry guidelines.

What changes were made in the new ANSI Z359.14-2021 standard?

• Class A and B changing to significantly revised class 1 and 2
• New strength testing requirements
• Redefined SRD types
• New labeling requirements to assist users

LEARN MORE

Tying off at ground level is not generally recommended and it is best practice to avoid it if at all possible. The difficulty is that it requires a greater degree of clearance between the walking-working surface and the next lower level. Additionally, objects or equipment in the fall path present a significant hazard. In many cases, the available clearance is not uniform across broad areas.

There are various energy absorbing lanyards and self-retracting devices that are designed for these circumstances with clearance required between levels to safely arrest a fall between 13-18 feet. If we consider steel erection as a benchmark, typical clearances between levels range from 10-15 feet. That leaves little margin for error. When working within a pipe-rack, clearances can be even less.

The best outcomes will always come from utilizing overhead anchorages. If there is no suitable overhead structure to tie into, horizontal lifelines or portable ballasted devices may be more suitable options. If those measures are not feasible, OSHA does allow free-falls up to twelve feet. However, this is provided that equivalent thresholds of protection are provided to those workers (maximum arrest forces not to exceed 1,800 lbs.) and provided that they do not strike a lower level or an object in the fall path.

The ANSI Z359 Fall Protection Code allows for a 6-foot maximum free fall distance. OSHA allows the free fall distance to exceed 6 feet as long as: [1] the employer can demonstrate that the fall protection equipment in use is designed to allow a free fall greater than 6 feet; [2] the arresting forces are below 1800 lbs. for a full body harness system; and [3] there is suitable fall clearance. 

The ANSI Z359.2-2007 standard recommends less than six minutes to contact an injured worker. OSHA requires medical aid to an injured worker within four to six minutes. 

For all fall protection programs, both internal and external rescue services should be carefully evaluated in advance to determine which options are suitable for the specific worksite.

ANSI standard Z359.2 is usually considered the best. It details all employer responsibilities for providing fall protection to workers in general industry and construction and goes above-and-beyond the minimum requirements. OSHA, another leading guide, references all ANSI Z359 standards as requirements under OSHA’s General Duty Clause.  

OSHA reports that fall protection continues to be the most frequently violated safety guideline year after year. Additionally, the CDC confirms that falls are the leading cause of construction-worker fatalities. 

There were over 6,000 violations of “Fall Protection – General Requirements 1926.501” in 2019, nearly double the amount of the next category. The top 10 violations also included Ladders (1926.1053) in 6th place and fall protection training requirements (1926.503) in 8th place. 

OSHA reports that over $71.5 million dollars in citations were issued for the 2019 fiscal year. Below are the maximum penalty amounts with the annual adjustment for inflation being charged after Jan. 15, 2021. (See OSHA Memo, Jan 8, 2021). 

• Serious, Other-Than-Serious, Posting Requirements: $13,653 per violation
• Failure to Abate: $13,653 per day beyond the abatement date
• Willful or Repeated: $136,532 per violation

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) and ANSI (American National Standards Institute) are both important organizations focused on keeping workers safe. While there is overlap between the two, their roles are different. 

OSHA is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor charged with setting and enforcing safety regulations in the workplace. OSHA also provides training, outreach, education and assistance to workers in order to increase awareness and understanding of these regulations. OSHA regulations are governing law and therefore mandatory, meaning all workplaces and employers must comply. Those who do not comply can face serious consequences, including citations and hefty fines. OSHA regulations are established to ensure safe working conditions. Due to the lengthy process involved in making updates, they often fall short of delivering the most comprehensive and up-to-date safety information.  

ANSI is a non-governmental body which exists to promote and facilitate voluntary consensus standards (guidelines that are universally accepted). Some of these standards are aimed at improving worker safety on the job, such as the Z359 series for fall protection. ANSI standards are recommended guidelines which better represent the thinking of industry experts. They are more in-depth than OSHA regulations, generally more current and require revision or reaffirmation every five years. A significant number of ANSI recommendations relate to fall arrest equipment and PPE, acting to fill the gaps in OSHA’s fall protection regulations. There are cases where OSHA does not have published rules which address specific issues, so they often look to manufacturer guidelines. ANSI standards serve to fill those holes with best-practice, easy-to-understand guidelines. 

ANSI standards are not mandatory and following them is not required by law. While manufacturers and employers can choose to ignore ANSI standards without facing any monetary penalty, doing so could place worker safety in jeopardy. 

Even though OSHA and ANSI are separate organizations, the regulations and standards related to safety and health are of paramount consideration for both. In that sense, they are deeply intertwined and should be used together to enhance and strengthen the safety of workers. Worksites that truly put safety first are known to actively follow all relevant OSHA regulations and ANSI standards. 

OSHA 1926.502(d)(20) states, “The employer shall provide for prompt rescue of employees in the event of a fall or shall assure that employees are able to rescue themselves.” 

While this standard addresses the hazard of being suspended by the fall arrest system after an arrested fall, prompt rescue is not defined in the standard. How a rescue occurs to prevent serious injury to the worker is up to the employer. An in-depth analysis of the worksite to consider all potential risk factors associated with rescue is recommended. A written plan should be formulated and distributed to any potentially affected personnel.  

Simply relying on emergency services does not constitute an effective plan. This is especially true if high-angle rescue might be required or if there are other structural or environmental factors in place that could affect standard rescue procedures. 

OSHA allows workers to tie off directly to a non-moving crane or below the hook attachment in construction applications. OSHA states that a personal fall arrest system is permitted to be anchored to the crane’s hook when the following requirement is met: a qualified person has determined that the setup and rated capacity of the crane including the hook, load line and rigging meets or exceeds the requirements outlined in 1926.1423(d)(15) as stated below: 

(15) Anchorages used for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment shall be independent of any anchorage being used to support or suspend platforms and capable of supporting at least 5000 pounds (22.2 kN) per employee attached; or shall be designed, installed and used as follows:
(i) as part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at least two
(ii) under the supervision of a qualified person

OSHA does not define how many workers can be tied off to the approved hook at one time. Most assume that it is only one and many companies limit the maximum number of workers to two. The safety professional in charge must use his or her professional judgment to determine what is safest for that particular application. 

For general industry, OSHA can allow direct attachment to a crane only if you are following OSHA’s hierarchy of controls. This means that the crane attachment point, crane controls and administrative controls must be engineered or validated by a qualified person. Contact your local OSHA office for proper clarifications. 

For fall protection coverage in linear work areas, a qualified engineer can add an enclosed track anchorage system along crane bridges. In this situation, the administrative controls require the crane to be locked out and tagged out before using its structure as a fall arrest anchorage point. 

A simple way to answer is to ask if there is any chance that the connecting device may come into contact with an edge. If the SRL or lanyard may hit the outer limit of a structure, such as the edge of a roof or side of a beam or deck, the answer is yes. OSHA 1926.751 states:

Leading edge means the unprotected side and edge of a floor, roof, or formwork for a floor or other walking/working surface (such as deck) which changes location as additional floor, roof, decking or formwork sections are placed, formed or constructed.

Attributes:

• Worker may be tied off below D-ring or at foot level
• Often a sharp or abrasive unfinished part of working surface
• Edge changes as the work continues or progresses

Hazards:

• Rough edges may cut or fray device cable or webbing
• Extreme force when connection hits edge can damage device
• Worker subject to longer falls before fall arrest system activates
• Worker subject to greater arrest forces due to isolated cable or webbing over the edge
• Increased swing fall potential for fallen worker

Compliance:

• PPE designed, tested and rated specifically for leading edge
• OSHA requires specialized LE fall protection equipment for any work within 6’ of leading edge

Bottom Line: To ensure worker safety, use only fall protection equipment specifically labeled for leading edge in a leading edge situation.

OSHA requires that fall protection be provided for everyone working at and above elevations of:

• 4’ in general industry workplaces
• 5’ in shipyards
• 6’ in the construction industry
• 8’ in longshoring operations
• 10’ on scaffolding
• 15' in steel erection

In addition, OSHA requires that fall protection be provided when working over dangerous equipment and machinery, regardless of the fall distance. Due to the variety of conditions that are specific for each individual jobsite, a Qualified or Competent Person should be consulted to ensure relevant standards and/or OSHA regulations are met.

What is the Z359.14 standard?  This standard defines guidelines for the design, testing, labelling, inspection and performance of self-retracting devices (SRDs) in fall protection.

Why did it change?  ANSI requires each standard to be updated every five years. Due to the growing popularity of SRDs, the update is designed to increase safety with more demanding requirements and clearer product use instructions.

When does it take effect?  The ANSI committee released the approved standard in July 2021 with an effective date of August 1, 2023.</p.

Who does it affect?  This change directly affects anyone producing SRDs after August 1, 2023. We recommend those selling, purchasing and using SRDs remain up to date on ANSI standards.

What about my current units? Units marked to the previous Z359.14-2014 standard – and with a manufacturing date prior to August 2023 – will not need to be discarded. These units remain safe to use in accordance with manufacturer specifications and industry guidelines.

What changes were made in the new ANSI Z359.14-2021 standard?

• Class A and B changing to significantly revised class 1 and 2
• New strength testing requirements
• Redefined SRD types
• New labeling requirements to assist users

LEARN MORE

A simple way to answer is to ask if there is any chance that the connecting device may come into contact with an edge. If the SRL or lanyard may hit the outer limit of a structure, such as the edge of a roof or side of a beam or deck, the answer is yes. OSHA 1926.751 states:

Leading edge means the unprotected side and edge of a floor, roof, or formwork for a floor or other walking/working surface (such as deck) which changes location as additional floor, roof, decking or formwork sections are placed, formed or constructed.

Attributes:

• Worker may be tied off below D-ring or at foot level
• Often a sharp or abrasive unfinished part of working surface
• Edge changes as the work continues or progresses

Hazards:

• Rough edges may cut or fray device cable or webbing
• Extreme force when connection hits edge can damage device
• Worker subject to longer falls before fall arrest system activates
• Worker subject to greater arrest forces due to isolated cable or webbing over the edge
• Increased swing fall potential for fallen worker

Compliance:

• PPE designed, tested and rated specifically for leading edge
• OSHA requires specialized LE fall protection equipment for any work within 6’ of leading edge

Bottom Line: To ensure worker safety, use only fall protection equipment specifically labeled for leading edge in a leading edge situation.

Horizontal lifelines, known as HLLs, and vertical lifelines, known as VLLs, are important tools used as part of a complete fall protection system, providing anchorage for use with the appropriate harness and connector. Both types of lifelines utilize high-strength cable or rope which acts as the secure attachment point for fall arrest or fall restraint. They can be permanent or temporary. As the names imply, an HLL runs side to side (horizontally) while a VLL runs up and down (vertically) offering the worker additional range and mobility.

An HLL must be securely anchored at both ends and may also include intermediate anchor points. Designed for use by one or more workers, HLLs may be anchored overhead or at foot level. Connection is made with a device (Personal SRLs – SRL-Ps) that attaches the user to the HLL, or via an SRL that is anchored to the HLL and extended to connect to the user’s dorsal (back) D-ring. Connection to the HLL should be facilitated using an ANSI Z359.12-2019 compliant steel O-ring. User(s) should avoid direct connection to the HLL with a snap hook or carabiner as this may result in premature wear of lifeline components. All HLLs must comply with OSHA regulation 1926.502 and be, “designed, installed, and used under the supervision of a qualified person as part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at least two.” These systems can provide increased freedom of movement while working on rooftops and in construction as well as providing fall protection solutions for window-washing, confined space operations and scaffolding.

A VLL must be securely attached at the top and may or a not be attached at the bottom depending on application. They can be designed for use by one or multiple workers who use a positioning device, such as a rope grab, attached at the sternal (front) D-ring to control the worker’s movement up and down. The bottom end of the lifeline must be designed to ensure the rope grab does not slip off the lifeline and all VLLs must meet the OSHA guideline for minimum breaking strength of 5,000 lbs. These lifelines provide security in fall arrest and fall restraint for ladder and tower climbing as well as in roofing and general construction.

A positioning lanyard is one component of a positioning device system. A positioning device system is used for fall restraint rather than fall arrest and consists of three parts: a belt or body harness, a lanyard and an anchor point. The positioning lanyard is the device which connects the harness to an anchor point and permits falls of 2 ft. or less. All positioning equipment must meet OSHA and ANSI standards. 

An energy absorbing lanyard is used with a personal fall arrest system, which is different than a positioning device system. A fall arrest system’s goal is to lessen any forces on a worker’s body during a fall. ANSI standards allow for various ways of accomplishing this, such as the tearing of materials or breaking of stitches. These lanyards can be worn by the user or be part of a horizontal or vertical lifeline subsystem. 

If potential for a fall exists, an energy absorbing lanyard is preferred over a positioning lanyard. Also note that if a worker is using a positioning device with a personal fall arrest system, they should utilize a harness that is designed to have attachment points for BOTH systems. 

ANSI Z359 defines a snaphook as “a connector comprised of a hook-shaped body with a normally closed gate or similar arrangement that may be opened to permit the hook to receive an object and, when released, automatically closes to retain the object.” 

Snaphooks typically “snap” closed and generally come in two types:    

1. Automatic-locking: These hooks have a self-closing and self-locking gate which remains closed and locked until intentionally unlocked and opened for connection or disconnection. Required by ANSI Z359.
2. Non-locking: These hooks have a self-closing gate which remains closed but not locked until intentionally opened for connection or disconnection. Not permitted by ANSI Z359.

A double-locking snaphook is an automatic-locking hook. The “double” refers to the two-step action required to unlock and open the gate. It also refers to the self-closing and self-locking operations that take place once the hook is released. 

A pelican hook usually refers to a hook with a large gate opening, typically in the 60 mm (2-2 ¼ in.) range. These types of hooks are often referred to as “rebar” hooks due to their association with and common incorporation into rebar chain assemblies. These assemblies are used for work positioning when tying rebar.

Determining fall clearance is perhaps the most important aspect of fall protection. If not properly calculated, the wrong equipment could be selected for a particular job and, in the event of a fall, the result could be devastating. 

Fall clearance is the minimum distance needed for equipment to arrest (or stop) a fall and keep a worker from striking the ground or the next lowest surface. It is not a simple distance calculation. There are many factors to consider, such as: 

• Length of Anchorage Connecter (LA) 
• Length of Connecting Device (LC)
• Maximum Arrest Distance of Connecting Device (MAD) 
• Height of Worker (HW) 
• Safety Factor (SF) i.e., Harness Stretch, typically 2 ft. 
• Relation of Anchor Point to Dorsal D-Ring 

If the distance between the anchor point and nearest obstruction is less than the determined fall clearance, the fall arrest system will not protect a worker from hitting a lower surface. 

Another consideration are situations known as swing falls. A swing fall occurs when an anchorage point is not directly above a worker. The nature of these falls means that adjusted calculations must be made. 

Passive Fall Protection: This is a system that is fixed (stationary) and does not require worker interaction, such as a guardrail, hole cover or netting system.  

Active Fall Protection: This type of system is mobile and requires a worker to use specific equipment. Fall arrest and fall restraint systems are two types of active fall protection.

Fall Protection: This general term covers all methods of protecting workers against a fall, including both passive and active systems. Note that this use of “fall” references one from height.  

Fall Arrest: This is an active fall protection system that arrests or stops a body from hitting a lower surface once a fall has occurred. This system typically includes: [1] an anchor point or series of anchor points; [2] a connector such as an energy-absorbing lanyard or SRL; and [3] bodywear such as a harness.

Fall Restraint: This is an active fall protection system that focuses on keeping a worker from getting close to a fall hazard in order to avoid a fall. These systems use many of the same elements as a fall arrest system. They are most often designed with specific-length lanyards and are utilized on a walking or working surface such as an open rooftop, platform or other surface near a fall hazard. 

The Hierarchy of Fall Protection is the preferred order of control for fall hazards. As the hierarchy progresses, so does the level of risk.

1. Hazard Elimination: Removal of any risk of fall hazard. Zero risk level.
2. Passive Fall Protection: Placement of physical barriers like guardrails around unprotected edges and covers over open holes.
3. Fall Restraint Systems: Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to limit a worker’s field of movement, preventing a fall.
4. Fall Arrest Systems: Use of PPE to reduce the impact of a fall to within acceptable force and clearance margins and prevent striking a lower level.
5. Administrative Controls: Implementation of workplace practices and procedures which alert a worker to all fall hazards. This is the least preferred method offering no means of physical protection. High risk level.

ANSI/ASSE Z359.0 defines a PFAS as “an assembly of components and subsystems used to arrest a person in a free fall.” Typically, a PFAS consists of: [1] an anchorage device; [2] a full body harness; and [3] a connector. At the most basic level, the anchor attaches to the structure upon which the user is working. The harness contains the body of the user. The connector fastens the user’s harness to the anchor and manages the forces associated with the arrest.

The ANSI/ASSE Z359.0-2012 standard says, “a swing fall is a pendulum-like motion that occurs during and/or after a vertical fall. A swing fall results when an authorized person begins a fall from a position that is located horizontally away from a fixed anchorage.” 

Swing falls are typically associated with the use of a self-retracting lanyard because an SRL can be installed at greater heights than shock absorbing lanyards. If cable is let out of the device as a result of the user moving away from the device horizontally, a fall and the subsequent locking of the SRL will cause the user to “swing” like a pendulum back towards the center anchor point. The possibility of a swing fall requires adjusted calculations for fall clearance.

“100% tie-off” or “100% fall protection” means that when a worker is exposed to potential fall hazards, he or she must be protected by an active or passive fall protection system 100% of the time. Active systems include fall arrest systems such as those with an anchor, full body harness and connecting lanyard. A passive system could be a guardrail or netting. For example, when a guideline indicates that 100% fall protection is required above 6 feet, a worker climbing a fixed ladder of any height above 6 feet should be protected by a ladder climb system, cage or other active fall protection while climbing as well as when exiting the ladder onto the working surface. A positioning or travel restraint device could be a part of this 100% fall protection system. Most often, a backup fall arrest system is also used while connected to the positioning or travel restraint system to ensure 100% tie-off at all times.

Suspension trauma, also known as orthostatic intolerance or harness hang syndrome, is a deadly condition caused by a long period of restricted blood circulation. Symptoms include:

• Lightheadedness
• Palpitations
• Tremulousness
• Poor concentration
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Sweating
• Weakness or fainting upon standing
• Unconsciousness

Orthostatic intolerance first begins when a worker experiences a fall and is suspended above the ground, typically when using a fall arrest system. While suspended, a worker may become unconscious and the length of suspension combined with venous pooling (blood collecting in the veins) could result in death. Such fatalities can occur in less than 30 minutes and even as little as 10 minutes. OSHA mandates that rescue be made within 4-6 minutes. 

A fall protection plan is a detailed safety plan for workers who will perform work at an elevated area. These advance plans must be worksite specific and made available to all employees.  

The following factors should be considered when developing a fall protection plan: 

1. Potential fall hazards on-site within the work area.
2. Fall protection applications that employees will encounter with the appropriate equipment they need to work safely.
3. Procedures for the assembly, maintenance, inspection and disassembly of all fall protection systems used on-site.
4. Procedures for handling, storing and securing all tools and materials.
5. Training methods for employees at the worksite.
6. Prompt, safe rescue procedures in the event of injured workers.

A written rescue plan is part of an overall fall protection plan and is required by OSHA. The written rescue plan must be site specific and include step-by-step procedures for self rescue, assisted rescue, or multi-person evacuation. The following four topics must be addressed when developing and implementing your rescue plan: 

1. Who will be executing the rescue?
2. Where will the rescue take place?
3. What type of equipment is required to safely conduct the rescue?
4. What are our rescue options for this area?

A rescue plan is a living document and must be updated as new equipment is brought onto the worksite.  It must be read and understood by any workers who will be impacted by the information it contains. 

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) and ANSI (American National Standards Institute) are both important organizations focused on keeping workers safe. While there is overlap between the two, their roles are different. 

OSHA is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor charged with setting and enforcing safety regulations in the workplace. OSHA also provides training, outreach, education and assistance to workers in order to increase awareness and understanding of these regulations. OSHA regulations are governing law and therefore mandatory, meaning all workplaces and employers must comply. Those who do not comply can face serious consequences, including citations and hefty fines. OSHA regulations are established to ensure safe working conditions. Due to the lengthy process involved in making updates, they often fall short of delivering the most comprehensive and up-to-date safety information.  

ANSI is a non-governmental body which exists to promote and facilitate voluntary consensus standards (guidelines that are universally accepted). Some of these standards are aimed at improving worker safety on the job, such as the Z359 series for fall protection. ANSI standards are recommended guidelines which better represent the thinking of industry experts. They are more in-depth than OSHA regulations, generally more current and require revision or reaffirmation every five years. A significant number of ANSI recommendations relate to fall arrest equipment and PPE, acting to fill the gaps in OSHA’s fall protection regulations. There are cases where OSHA does not have published rules which address specific issues, so they often look to manufacturer guidelines. ANSI standards serve to fill those holes with best-practice, easy-to-understand guidelines. 

ANSI standards are not mandatory and following them is not required by law. While manufacturers and employers can choose to ignore ANSI standards without facing any monetary penalty, doing so could place worker safety in jeopardy. 

Even though OSHA and ANSI are separate organizations, the regulations and standards related to safety and health are of paramount consideration for both. In that sense, they are deeply intertwined and should be used together to enhance and strengthen the safety of workers. Worksites that truly put safety first are known to actively follow all relevant OSHA regulations and ANSI standards. 

ANSI Z359 defines a snaphook as “a connector comprised of a hook-shaped body with a normally closed gate or similar arrangement that may be opened to permit the hook to receive an object and, when released, automatically closes to retain the object.” 

Snaphooks typically “snap” closed and generally come in two types:    

1. Automatic-locking: These hooks have a self-closing and self-locking gate which remains closed and locked until intentionally unlocked and opened for connection or disconnection. Required by ANSI Z359.
2. Non-locking: These hooks have a self-closing gate which remains closed but not locked until intentionally opened for connection or disconnection. Not permitted by ANSI Z359.

A double-locking snaphook is an automatic-locking hook. The “double” refers to the two-step action required to unlock and open the gate. It also refers to the self-closing and self-locking operations that take place once the hook is released. 

A pelican hook usually refers to a hook with a large gate opening, typically in the 60 mm (2-2 ¼ in.) range. These types of hooks are often referred to as “rebar” hooks due to their association with and common incorporation into rebar chain assemblies. These assemblies are used for work positioning when tying rebar.

No. Both OSHA and ANSI standards indicate that two or more snap hooks should not be connected to each other. A snap hook needs to align with the applied load to which it is connected. If the snap hook is attached to the eye of another hook it may not be able to move or rotate when a load is applied, breaking the connection and causing a hazardous situation. 

Based on extensive testing, Safewaze harnesses are certified at a user weight rating of 85-420 lbs. including clothing and equipment in accordance with OSHA and ANSI guidelines.

OSHA regulation and ANSI standard both specify a standard maximum combined weight of user, clothing, tools and equipment of 310 lbs. OSHA allows an exception for a higher capacity provided that equivalent protection is provided and validated by the manufacturer. The ANSI Z359 Fall Protection code requires individual end-user weight ratings within 130 lbs. to 310 lbs. The primary concern around increasing weight capacity involves potential health risks from complications of orthostatic intolerance (suspension trauma) that could be experienced by a worker weighing more than 310 lbs.

Many full body harnesses manufactured in the United Sates can support additional weight safely. The determining factor in a successful fall arrest for a user in such a situation is the capability of the energy absorbing self-retracting lanyard. When a deceleration device limits maximum arrest forces to less than 1800 lbs. and prevents the user from hitting the next lower lever or an object in the fall path, the harness functions properly in the event of a fall.

Note that Safewaze products are labelled in accordance with ANSI 130-310 lbs. and OSHA maximum weight capacity of 420 lbs. We have conclusively determined that our equipment maintains an average arrest force within or below the required standards and have verified user weights from 85- 420 lbs. For any further questions on user weights on a personal fall arrest system rated outside the ANSI 130-310 lbs. range, please consult a Safewaze fall protection specialist.

A tongue buckle used with grommets and a pass-through closure are the most common forms of fasteners currently found on full body harnesses. 

Tongue buckle fasteners incorporate a traditional belt-buckle style closure. They have a prong that fits into a metal grommet which has been inserted into the fabric of the harness. This is a reliable method of closure with the condition of being binary in terms of sizing. There is no room for adjustment between the grommets. With this type of fastener, harness sizing adjustment is typically easier, especially when wearing gloves. 

Pass-through, or parachute buckles, feature a male/female closure system. The male end passes through the opening in the female buckle creating closure between the two ends. Placement of the web through the buckle typically provides for a higher degree of custom adjustment than tongue buckle fasteners with grommets. Also, use of these buckles tends to reduce the overall weight of the harness depending upon the materials. Pass-through buckles are standard chest strap fasteners on the majority of harnesses. 

The term “parachute buckle” is sometimes used to describe more contemporary fasteners utilizing a male and female attachment where the female component incorporates a mechanical latching system to hold the male component in place. 

Yes. OSHA requires employers to provide fall protection for each employee exposed to fall hazards. They do not, however, require each worker to have their own equipment. A harness with universal sizing has five areas of adjustment – chest strap, two torso adjusters and two leg buckles – to provide for different body shapes and sizes when different workers may share the same harness.

The most important factors to consider when wearing a safety harness are the same whether it is one issued to a single worker or one that will be shared by multiple workers.

• The harness must always be a proper fit for the person wearing it. While every worker should check their harness for fit before each use, sharing a harness may mean it will need to be fully readjusted every time. Tongue buckle leg connections are often preferred for easier adjustment on a shared harness. Employees should be trained on how to properly fit the harness they will need to wear for the job.
• The harness must always be a proper fit for the work environment. A harness may be shared between workers but not necessarily between functions. What works for one application may not work in another and could even create a greater hazard. For instance, a padded shoulder may add comfort in construction but be too hot in a factory. Even more critical, a construction harness would not be safe to use in a welding or arc flash environment.

Yes. The SW900 is suitable for use with a horizontal lifeline as long as the lifeline runs perpendicular to the parapet wall on which the SW900 is installed.  Under no circumstance can a horizontal lifeline be used with a SW900 in a configuration where the lifeline runs parallel with the parapet wall.

Yes. Safewaze cross arm straps may be used as the anchorage connector component of a compatible HLL system. Suitability must be determined on-site by a competent person. Any length of cross arm strap may be used with an HLL provided the competent person assesses the complete system and determines the strap length will not result in a free fall which exceeds the limits permitted by the system. 

Yes. The FS876 Removable Concrete Hole Anchor is suitable for use in this application when the structure to which it is attached meets all applicable criteria for anchorage connection per OSHA regulations. The FS876 is suitable for use with horizontal lifelines designed to support two users.

Safewaze offers a Vertical/Stationary Beam Anchor: 019-4009. Proper installation method as well as HLL attachment, capacities and more, can be found in the anchor’s individual instruction manual.

Yes. Use of a temporary fixed beam anchor as an intermediate attachment point for inverted SafeLink installation is an acceptable installation method. 

Horizontal lifelines, known as HLLs, and vertical lifelines, known as VLLs, are important tools used as part of a complete fall protection system, providing anchorage for use with the appropriate harness and connector. Both types of lifelines utilize high-strength cable or rope which acts as the secure attachment point for fall arrest or fall restraint. They can be permanent or temporary. As the names imply, an HLL runs side to side (horizontally) while a VLL runs up and down (vertically) offering the worker additional range and mobility.

An HLL must be securely anchored at both ends and may also include intermediate anchor points. Designed for use by one or more workers, HLLs may be anchored overhead or at foot level. Connection is made with a device (Personal SRLs – SRL-Ps) that attaches the user to the HLL, or via an SRL that is anchored to the HLL and extended to connect to the user’s dorsal (back) D-ring. Connection to the HLL should be facilitated using an ANSI Z359.12-2019 compliant steel O-ring. User(s) should avoid direct connection to the HLL with a snap hook or carabiner as this may result in premature wear of lifeline components. All HLLs must comply with OSHA regulation 1926.502 and be, “designed, installed, and used under the supervision of a qualified person as part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at least two.” These systems can provide increased freedom of movement while working on rooftops and in construction as well as providing fall protection solutions for window-washing, confined space operations and scaffolding.

A VLL must be securely attached at the top and may or a not be attached at the bottom depending on application. They can be designed for use by one or multiple workers who use a positioning device, such as a rope grab, attached at the sternal (front) D-ring to control the worker’s movement up and down. The bottom end of the lifeline must be designed to ensure the rope grab does not slip off the lifeline and all VLLs must meet the OSHA guideline for minimum breaking strength of 5,000 lbs. These lifelines provide security in fall arrest and fall restraint for ladder and tower climbing as well as in roofing and general construction.

Safewaze recommends inspection before each use and at least one time annually by a competent person other than the user. If the fall protection product passes inspection, it is safe to use. If a product has experienced a fall, it must be taken out of service for repair or replacement. Full body harnesses and energy absorbing lanyards exposed to a fall arrest need to be immediately removed from service and replaced. [Note: In 2012, ANSI/ASSE A10.32 was removed, so fall protection products do not normally incorporate a mandatory expiration date.]

Whereas OSHA and ANSI do not state a mandatory life for any products, Safewaze instructions state that a competent person other than the user should perform an in-depth inspection of products at least annually. Additionally, the user should inspect equipment before each use in accordance with OSHA and ANSI guidelines as stated:   

• ANSI Z359 fall protection code directs a competent person other than the user inspect products at least once a year. 
• ANSI A10.32-2004 states that a competent person should inspect products every six months. This is also mandated by ANSI A10.14-1991. 
• ANSI Z359.14-2014 states that SRLs shall be inspected by the authorized person or rescuer before each use. Additionally, inspections shall be conducted by a competent person other than the user.  
• OSHA 1910.66 and 1926.502 state that all defective components be removed from service. There is not, however, a guideline for formal inspection periods. There is a requirement for there to be an inspection before each use.

Every worksite is different and contains its own unique challenges and fall hazards. While most fall protection equipment today is manufactured to be versatile, that does not guarantee that the devices used on the last job are the best solution for a new job. Some applications require job-specific equipment to ensure the safety of workers. 

For example, those working in fields that do welding or electrical maintenance require a harness made with special materials that offer fire resistance and arc flash protection. The type of lanyard or self-retracting lifeline needed may also change depending on variables such as anchorage locations, fall clearance and the set-up of the worksite. 

Fall protection equipment will not keep workers safe unless it is the right equipment for the job and used properly. Do not skip the research needed for a new worksite and the auditing of safety equipment to save time or money. Work with a qualified distributor or equipment manufacturer such as Safewaze to determine exactly what is needed. If you do not have the right equipment for the job, workers are not fully protected. Not only can shortcuts create unsafe work conditions and endanger workers, it can multiply the cost in time or money when a citation or accident occurs.

Yes. The FS876 Removable Concrete Hole Anchor is suitable for use in this application when the structure to which it is attached meets all applicable criteria for anchorage connection per OSHA regulations. The FS876 is suitable for use with horizontal lifelines designed to support two users.

Yes. The FS33310 positioning lanyard is typically used in positioning applications, it is also suitable for use in fall restraint applications. The user must always account for the fully deployed length of the lanyard and the structure to which the lanyard is attached must withstand loads of at least 1000 lbs. applied in the directions permitted by the system.   

If used in a fall restraint application, this lanyard may only be used on surfaces where the slope does not exceed 4 in 12 (vertical to horizontal).

Based on extensive testing, Safewaze harnesses are certified at a user weight rating of 85-420 lbs. including clothing and equipment in accordance with OSHA and ANSI guidelines.

OSHA regulation and ANSI standard both specify a standard maximum combined weight of user, clothing, tools and equipment of 310 lbs. OSHA allows an exception for a higher capacity provided that equivalent protection is provided and validated by the manufacturer. The ANSI Z359 Fall Protection code requires individual end-user weight ratings within 130 lbs. to 310 lbs. The primary concern around increasing weight capacity involves potential health risks from complications of orthostatic intolerance (suspension trauma) that could be experienced by a worker weighing more than 310 lbs.

Many full body harnesses manufactured in the United Sates can support additional weight safely. The determining factor in a successful fall arrest for a user in such a situation is the capability of the energy absorbing self-retracting lanyard. When a deceleration device limits maximum arrest forces to less than 1800 lbs. and prevents the user from hitting the next lower lever or an object in the fall path, the harness functions properly in the event of a fall.

Note that Safewaze products are labelled in accordance with ANSI 130-310 lbs. and OSHA maximum weight capacity of 420 lbs. We have conclusively determined that our equipment maintains an average arrest force within or below the required standards and have verified user weights from 85- 420 lbs. For any further questions on user weights on a personal fall arrest system rated outside the ANSI 130-310 lbs. range, please consult a Safewaze fall protection specialist.

Yes. OSHA requires employers to provide fall protection for each employee exposed to fall hazards. They do not, however, require each worker to have their own equipment. A harness with universal sizing has five areas of adjustment – chest strap, two torso adjusters and two leg buckles – to provide for different body shapes and sizes when different workers may share the same harness.

The most important factors to consider when wearing a safety harness are the same whether it is one issued to a single worker or one that will be shared by multiple workers.

• The harness must always be a proper fit for the person wearing it. While every worker should check their harness for fit before each use, sharing a harness may mean it will need to be fully readjusted every time. Tongue buckle leg connections are often preferred for easier adjustment on a shared harness. Employees should be trained on how to properly fit the harness they will need to wear for the job.
• The harness must always be a proper fit for the work environment. A harness may be shared between workers but not necessarily between functions. What works for one application may not work in another and could even create a greater hazard. For instance, a padded shoulder may add comfort in construction but be too hot in a factory. Even more critical, a construction harness would not be safe to use in a welding or arc flash environment.

Yes – provided [1] a competent person on-site has overseen the entire system to ensure compatibility, and [2] use of each component meets the manufacturer requirements for its individual use.

OSHA frames it this way, “Individual components in a fall arrest or positioning device system may be made by different manufacturers as long as they meet the compatibility requirements.” They go on to callout both the evaluation by a competent person and the importance of adhering to manufacturer guidelines.

ANSI outlines product compatibility in Z359.6-2016, “All directly connected components of an active fall protection system shall be compatible, such that they perform as intended and cannot unintentionally disengage on their own during the use of the system or during a fall event.”

Utilizing components designed to be used together as a system ensures component compatibility. However, it is not uncommon for companies to source products from more than one vendor based upon criteria such as availability, price or durability. Safewaze products, like those of other manufacturers, are tested in accordance with all relevant OSHA regulations and ANSI standards. Our products may be used in conjunction with equipment from other manufacturers when that use is approved by the competent person on-site in accordance with stated instructions.

Express Warranty: Safewaze warrants that all products are free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service in accordance with manufacturer instructions. To utilize our warranty, simply contact Customer Service and arrange to return the product. Upon inspection, Safewaze will determine the appropriate course of action including certified repair, replacement with a new or comparable product or credit of the purchase price.

Safewaze is not liable for defects that are the result of product abuse, misuse, alteration or modification or for defects that are due to a failure to install, maintain or use the product in strict accordance with manufacturer instructions. No other warranty, express or implied, shall extend beyond the stated terms of this warranty.

Statement on Product Life: Safewaze products should be inspected before each use plus have a documented inspection once annually by a competent person other than the user. If the fall protection product passes inspection, it is safe to use. All fall protection equipment subject to fall arrest forces must be immediately removed from service per OSHA 1910.66 and OSHA 1926.502.

A: Anchorage  

Anchorage is a secure point of attachment for fall protection equipment and is the literal foundation of fall protection. Anchorage systems vary by industry, job, type of installation and structure. They must be able to support the necessary loads and provide a suitable safety factor. 

B: Body Wear  

A full body harness is the most common type of body wear. Harnesses distribute fall forces over the upper thighs, pelvis, chest and shoulders, and provide a connection point on a worker for the personal fall arrest system. 

C: Connector  

A connector, such as a shock-absorbing lanyard or a self-retracting lifeline (SRL), securely fastens a worker’s body wear (such as a harness) to the anchorage. 

D: Descent/Rescue  

These devices are used to raise or lower a fallen or injured worker to safety. Descent and rescue equipment can also be used to retrieve a worker from a confined space. This important component is often overlooked and requires appropriate advance planning. 

Tying off at ground level is not generally recommended and it is best practice to avoid it if at all possible. The difficulty is that it requires a greater degree of clearance between the walking-working surface and the next lower level. Additionally, objects or equipment in the fall path present a significant hazard. In many cases, the available clearance is not uniform across broad areas.

There are various energy absorbing lanyards and self-retracting devices that are designed for these circumstances with clearance required between levels to safely arrest a fall between 13-18 feet. If we consider steel erection as a benchmark, typical clearances between levels range from 10-15 feet. That leaves little margin for error. When working within a pipe-rack, clearances can be even less.

The best outcomes will always come from utilizing overhead anchorages. If there is no suitable overhead structure to tie into, horizontal lifelines or portable ballasted devices may be more suitable options. If those measures are not feasible, OSHA does allow free-falls up to twelve feet. However, this is provided that equivalent thresholds of protection are provided to those workers (maximum arrest forces not to exceed 1,800 lbs.) and provided that they do not strike a lower level or an object in the fall path.

Permanent markers use solvents that allow the ink to dry very quickly. Once exposed to the air, the solvents in the permanent markers evaporate almost immediately, leaving just the ink. Neither the solvents nor the ink in permanent markers will cause any harm to nylon or polyester webbings. There may be some discoloration or bleeding between the webbing finish and the color of the marker ink but there will be no loss in breaking strength because of the marker. Safewaze recommends the use of a marker rated for use on items that can be cleaned if the equipment must be marked. 

Private labeling and taping can also be attached if they do not interfere with the integrity of the webbing or hardware performance characteristics. Safewaze advises against any marking upon factory labels as this may interfere with the readability of the label. Additional grommets, rivets or holes shall not be installed to attach private labels. Do not attach labels, rings or other foreign materials to any of the full body safety harness D-rings or lanyard snaphooks. 

Safewaze recommends inspection before each use and at least one time annually by a competent person other than the user. If the fall protection product passes inspection, it is safe to use. If a product has experienced a fall, it must be taken out of service for repair or replacement. Full body harnesses and energy absorbing lanyards exposed to a fall arrest need to be immediately removed from service and replaced. [Note: In 2012, ANSI/ASSE A10.32 was removed, so fall protection products do not normally incorporate a mandatory expiration date.]

Since 2012, it has been a requirement of the ANSI/ASSE Z359.14 standard that all self-retracting devices must include a visual indicator that the device has been subjected to a fall. In many cases, this is a simple roll-pin or shear-pin that is part of the snap hook assembly. In the event of a fall, the pin shears off, revealing an identifying collar or mark. 

For devices featuring a webbing constituent line, the visual indicator may be a simple warning label or flag. It is stitched to the webbing near the nozzle hook at the bottom of the housing and concealed in a section that has been folded and stitched down. The force of the arrest breaks the stitch and reveals the concealed warning label. 

Check manufacturer instructions for your preferred device for details on the visual indicator and how to determine the go/no-go criteria for your device. Any device that has been involved in a fall cannot be reused. 

No. Both OSHA and ANSI standards indicate that two or more snap hooks should not be connected to each other. A snap hook needs to align with the applied load to which it is connected. If the snap hook is attached to the eye of another hook it may not be able to move or rotate when a load is applied, breaking the connection and causing a hazardous situation. 

The Hierarchy of Fall Protection is the preferred order of control for fall hazards. As the hierarchy progresses, so does the level of risk.

1. Hazard Elimination: Removal of any risk of fall hazard. Zero risk level.
2. Passive Fall Protection: Placement of physical barriers like guardrails around unprotected edges and covers over open holes.
3. Fall Restraint Systems: Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to limit a worker’s field of movement, preventing a fall.
4. Fall Arrest Systems: Use of PPE to reduce the impact of a fall to within acceptable force and clearance margins and prevent striking a lower level.
5. Administrative Controls: Implementation of workplace practices and procedures which alert a worker to all fall hazards. This is the least preferred method offering no means of physical protection. High risk level.

OSHA 1926.502(d)(20) states, “The employer shall provide for prompt rescue of employees in the event of a fall or shall assure that employees are able to rescue themselves.” 

While this standard addresses the hazard of being suspended by the fall arrest system after an arrested fall, prompt rescue is not defined in the standard. How a rescue occurs to prevent serious injury to the worker is up to the employer. An in-depth analysis of the worksite to consider all potential risk factors associated with rescue is recommended. A written plan should be formulated and distributed to any potentially affected personnel.  

Simply relying on emergency services does not constitute an effective plan. This is especially true if high-angle rescue might be required or if there are other structural or environmental factors in place that could affect standard rescue procedures. 

OSHA requires that fall protection be provided for everyone working at and above elevations of:

• 4’ in general industry workplaces
• 5’ in shipyards
• 6’ in the construction industry
• 8’ in longshoring operations
• 10’ on scaffolding
• 15' in steel erection

In addition, OSHA requires that fall protection be provided when working over dangerous equipment and machinery, regardless of the fall distance. Due to the variety of conditions that are specific for each individual jobsite, a Qualified or Competent Person should be consulted to ensure relevant standards and/or OSHA regulations are met.

Yes. OSHA requires employers to provide fall protection for each employee exposed to fall hazards. They do not, however, require each worker to have their own equipment. A harness with universal sizing has five areas of adjustment – chest strap, two torso adjusters and two leg buckles – to provide for different body shapes and sizes when different workers may share the same harness.

The most important factors to consider when wearing a safety harness are the same whether it is one issued to a single worker or one that will be shared by multiple workers.

• The harness must always be a proper fit for the person wearing it. While every worker should check their harness for fit before each use, sharing a harness may mean it will need to be fully readjusted every time. Tongue buckle leg connections are often preferred for easier adjustment on a shared harness. Employees should be trained on how to properly fit the harness they will need to wear for the job.
• The harness must always be a proper fit for the work environment. A harness may be shared between workers but not necessarily between functions. What works for one application may not work in another and could even create a greater hazard. For instance, a padded shoulder may add comfort in construction but be too hot in a factory. Even more critical, a construction harness would not be safe to use in a welding or arc flash environment.

Yes – provided [1] a competent person on-site has overseen the entire system to ensure compatibility, and [2] use of each component meets the manufacturer requirements for its individual use.

OSHA frames it this way, “Individual components in a fall arrest or positioning device system may be made by different manufacturers as long as they meet the compatibility requirements.” They go on to callout both the evaluation by a competent person and the importance of adhering to manufacturer guidelines.

ANSI outlines product compatibility in Z359.6-2016, “All directly connected components of an active fall protection system shall be compatible, such that they perform as intended and cannot unintentionally disengage on their own during the use of the system or during a fall event.”

Utilizing components designed to be used together as a system ensures component compatibility. However, it is not uncommon for companies to source products from more than one vendor based upon criteria such as availability, price or durability. Safewaze products, like those of other manufacturers, are tested in accordance with all relevant OSHA regulations and ANSI standards. Our products may be used in conjunction with equipment from other manufacturers when that use is approved by the competent person on-site in accordance with stated instructions.

What is the Z359.14 standard?  This standard defines guidelines for the design, testing, labelling, inspection and performance of self-retracting devices (SRDs) in fall protection.

Why did it change?  ANSI requires each standard to be updated every five years. Due to the growing popularity of SRDs, the update is designed to increase safety with more demanding requirements and clearer product use instructions.

When does it take effect?  The ANSI committee released the approved standard in July 2021 with an effective date of August 1, 2023.</p.

Who does it affect?  This change directly affects anyone producing SRDs after August 1, 2023. We recommend those selling, purchasing and using SRDs remain up to date on ANSI standards.

What about my current units? Units marked to the previous Z359.14-2014 standard – and with a manufacturing date prior to August 2023 – will not need to be discarded. These units remain safe to use in accordance with manufacturer specifications and industry guidelines.

What changes were made in the new ANSI Z359.14-2021 standard?

• Class A and B changing to significantly revised class 1 and 2
• New strength testing requirements
• Redefined SRD types
• New labeling requirements to assist users

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